Vigtigt m. laksana: s. 167-168: "...the laksanas are not consciously deployed as such: the singer does not think in terms of laksanas while he is performing. They are rather a convenient means of analysing one's own and other singers' performances, a technical vocabulary available for the rare occasions when such matters need to be discussed or otherwise conceptualized verbally. ... performance is primary, analysis secondary." - bare terminologien i sig selv er vigtig, for den adskiller forskellige gharana og bani. - også anvendelsen af forskellige laksana kan hjælpe til at distingvere mellem sociale strata osv.s. 169-172: æstetiske og filosofiske koncepter i forb. med alap:
- beskrives ofte i termer som leder tankerne hen på noget, der langsomt kommer til udfoldelse, manifesterer sig - hen imod et mål. . afsluttende citat: "The ultimate objective of alap performance is thus a mystical concretization of the rag and apprehension of the Divine, a journey through discipline to illumination"
